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| Nama chain | Mekanisme Konsensus | Insentif/deskripsi | Konsumsi Energi per tahun dalam kWh |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acala | Token / No Consensus Algorithm | Tokens do not have an own consensus mechanism, but rely on the consensus mechanism of one or multiple underlying crypto-asset networks. Depending on the token design, incentive mechanisms arise from the utility, scarcity, or governance rights. | 627,567 |
| ADA (Cardano) | Proof of Stake (PoS) |
A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. | 5,241,566,086 |
| Alephium | Proof of Less Work (PoLW) | Alephium's innovative Proof of Less Work (PoLW) consensus mechanism reduces the energy consumption by over 87% compared to Nakamoto’s original Proof Of Work, under the same network conditions. This mechanism dynamically adjusts the difficulty after each new block and triggers a change in the mining schema when the network surpasses 1 Exahash/s of hashrate. Once the network exceeds this threshold, miners are required to shift part of the external cost to the internal network cost by burning some coins (and consuming proportionally less energy). In this case, mining costs are both external (energy, equipment) and internal (burning coins inside the network). Since burning coins has a cost but does not requires energy, the energy consumption is reduced without sacrificing security: in PoLW, the cost of mining a new block is the same as in PoW, but composed differently. |
1.2 |
| Algorand | Proof of Stake (PoS) |
A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
1,730,526,256 |
| Aptos | Proof of Stake (PoS) |
A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
3,721,544,177 |
| Arbitrum | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Arbitrum employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism in combination with Fraud Proofs as part of the Arbitrum rollup protocol. Validators, who are selected based on the amount of ARB tokens they stake, are responsible for validating transactions and ensuring the proper execution of smart contracts on the Ethereum network. Validators are incentivized with ARB tokens, and they participate in a decentralized mechanism that supports Ethereum’s scalability by processing transactions off-chain while periodically finalizing them on-chain. Malicious actions, such as submitting invalid fraud proofs or misbehaving during validation, can lead to slashing penalties that ensure network security and prevent dishonest behavior. |
250 |
| Astar | Proof of Stake (PoS) | A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
2,578,529,695 |
| ATOM | Proof of Stake (PoS) |
A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
7,418,510,656 |
| Avalanche X-Chain | Proof of Stake (PoS) |
A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
3,298,979,128 |
| AZERO | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Aleph Zero employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, specifically its custom AlephBFT protocol, which incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own AZERO tokens as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks and order transactions via a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) based on the amount of AZERO they hold and are willing to stake, rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards from an inflationary model—27 million AZERO minted in the first year post-October 2024, with 90% distributed to nominators (stakers) and 10% supporting ecosystem growth—along with transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. | 5 |
| Base | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Base employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism integrated with Optimistic Rollups. It is a Layer 2 scaling solution built on top of Ethereum, designed to increase transaction throughput while leveraging Ethereum's security. Validators on the Base network are incentivized to secure the network by staking BASE tokens, which serve as collateral. They are responsible for validating transactions and producing blocks on the rollup, while leveraging Ethereum for finality and security. |
250 |
| Basilisk | Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) | Basilisk operates as a parachain on the Kusama network, employing a Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) consensus mechanism. It focuses on facilitating liquidity bootstrapping for new crypto assets. Validators stake BASILISK tokens to secure the network and validate transactions, earning rewards from transaction fees and block rewards. Users are incentivized to provide liquidity through yield farming programs, earning additional BASILISK tokens. Malicious actions by validators can lead to slashing, ensuring the network's security. | 2 |
| BCH | Proof of Work (PoW) |
A Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism incentivizes miners to secure the network by publishing updates to the ledger in the form of blocks, containing newly submitted and verified transactions. Miners compete to solve cryptographic puzzles, and the first to succeed earns newly minted crypto-assets (block reward) and user-paid transaction fees. Misconduct, such as attempting to add invalid blocks or rewrite the history of the ledger, results in wasted computational resources and opportunity costs, creating an economic penalty that discourages dishonest behavior. |
725839414.5 |
| Bifrost Kusama | Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) | Bifrost operates as a parachain on both the Polkadot and Kusama networks, utilizing a Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) consensus mechanism. It offers the Staking Liquidity Protocol (SLP) and Slot Auction Liquidity Protocol (SALP), enabling users to stake assets like DOT and KSM and receive vTokens (e.g., vDOT, vKSM) in return, which can be used in decentralized finance (DeFi) applications. Validators are incentivized through staking rewards and transaction fees, while users benefit from maintaining liquidity of their staked assets. Malicious behavior by validators can result in slashing of their staked assets, ensuring network integrity. | 2 |
| Bifrost Polkadot | Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) | Bifrost operates as a parachain on both the Polkadot and Kusama networks, utilizing a Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) consensus mechanism. It offers the Staking Liquidity Protocol (SLP) and Slot Auction Liquidity Protocol (SALP), enabling users to stake assets like DOT and KSM and receive vTokens (e.g., vDOT, vKSM) in return, which can be used in decentralized finance (DeFi) applications. Validators are incentivized through staking rewards and transaction fees, while users benefit from maintaining liquidity of their staked assets. Malicious behavior by validators can result in slashing of their staked assets, ensuring network integrity. | 70.16 |
| Binance Chain (BEP2) | Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) | Binance Chain (BEP2) employs a Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism, specifically the Tendermint BFT protocol, which incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking Binance Coin (BNB) as collateral. Validators are elected based on their BNB holdings and delegations from other users rather than computational power. Validators earn rewards from transaction fees, as Binance Chain does not have an inflationary model—no new BNB is minted. However, Binance periodically conducts BNB burns, reducing the total supply to increase scarcity and support token value. If validators act dishonestly, such as double-signing blocks or going offline frequently, they risk slashing—a portion of their staked assets can be penalized, ensuring network security and reliability. |
500 |
| Binance Smart Chain (BEP20) | Proof of Stake (PoS) | A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. | 843,028,067 |
| BOB | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | BOB employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, where validators stake their own BOB tokens to secure the network. Validators are selected to produce blocks and validate transactions based on their staked amount. Validators are rewarded with BOB tokens for their participation. Malicious actions or failure to perform their duties can lead to slashing penalties, which ensure the integrity of the network. | 50 |
| Boba Network | Optimistic Rollup | Boba Network is a Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum, employing an Optimistic Rollup mechanism. Validators, known as sequencers, are responsible for bundling transactions and submitting them to the Ethereum mainnet. They are incentivized through transaction fees paid by users. Additionally, Boba Network has introduced a liquidity mining program, rewarding users who provide liquidity to its ecosystem with BOBA tokens. Misconduct by sequencers can lead to penalties, ensuring honest behavior and network security. | 50 |
| BTC | Proof-of-Work (PoW) | A Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism incentivizes miners to secure the network by publishing updates to the ledger in the form of blocks, containing newly submitted and verified transactions. Miners compete to solve cryptographic puzzles, and the first to succeed earns newly minted crypto-assets (block reward) and user-paid transaction fees. Misconduct, such as attempting to add invalid blocks or rewrite the history of the ledger, results in wasted computational resources and opportunity costs, creating an economic penalty that discourages dishonest behavior. |
163682965759 |
| CELO | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
2,635,769,002 |
| Chia (XCH) | Proof-of-Space and Time (PoST) | Chia (XCH) employs a Proof-of-Space and Time (PoST) consensus mechanism, where participants allocate unused storage space instead of staking tokens. Participants are incentivized with XCH tokens for securing the network by providing storage. Malicious behavior or failure to uphold the protocol’s integrity can lead to penalties, including losing rewards and being disqualified from future participation. | 20 |
| COREUM | Bonded Proof-of-Stake (BPoS) | Coreum employs a Bonded Proof-of-Stake (BPoS) consensus mechanism, which incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own CORE tokens as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks and order transactions based on the amount of CORE they hold and are willing to stake, rather than relying on computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards from transaction fees and block rewards; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can result in a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
2 |
| Cronos | Proof-of-Authority (PoA) | Cronos utilizes a Proof-of-Authority (PoA) consensus mechanism, where validators are pre-approved and incentivized to secure the network by staking their own CRO tokens as collateral. Validators are designated to produce new blocks and process transactions based on their stake, rather than through intensive computational work. Honest validators earn rewards from both transaction fees and block rewards, while any malicious activity or improper validation may lead to removal from the validator set and the slashing of staked assets, thereby upholding network security. | 500 |
| Dingocoin | Proof-of-Work (PoW) | Dingocoin operates on a Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism, where miners are incentivized to secure the network by using computational power to solve complex mathematical problems. Miners compete to create new blocks and validate transactions, earning newly minted DINGO tokens along with transaction fees. If a miner attempts to act maliciously or submit invalid work, the inherent economic design discourages such behavior by forfeiting the potential rewards. | 75 |
| DOGE | Proof-of-Work (PoW) | A Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism incentivizes miners to secure the network by publishing updates to the ledger in the form of blocks, containing newly submitted and verified transactions. Miners compete to solve cryptographic puzzles, and the first to succeed earns newly minted crypto-assets (block reward) and user-paid transaction fees. Misconduct, such as attempting to add invalid blocks or rewrite the history of the ledger, results in wasted computational resources and opportunity costs, creating an economic penalty that discourages dishonest behavior. |
8813843723 |
| DYDX (StarkEx - Private blockchain) | Zero Knowledge Proof (ZK-PoS) | DYDX (StarkEx - Private blockchain) employs a Zero Knowledge Proof (ZK-PoS) consensus mechanism, which incentivizes validators to secure the network by staking DYDX tokens. Validators are responsible for validating transactions and ensuring privacy via zk-rollups. Validators are rewarded with DYDX tokens for their contributions. Malicious behavior, such as leaking private data or proposing invalid blocks, can result in slashing penalties. | 50 |
| Elrond | Secure Proof-of-Stake (SPoS) | Elrond employs a Secure Proof-of-Stake (SPoS) consensus mechanism, which incentivizes validators to secure the network by staking EGLD tokens as collateral. Validators are selected to produce new blocks and order transactions based on the amount of EGLD they hold and are willing to lock up, rather than through computational power. When validators act correctly, they earn rewards derived from both transaction fees and new token emissions; however, any malicious behavior or improper block proposals can lead to the slashing of their staked assets, ensuring network integrity. | 10 |
| EOS | Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) | EOS utilizes a Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism, which incentivizes block producers to secure the network and validate transactions by being elected by EOS token holders. Block producers stake their tokens as collateral and are selected to create new blocks and sequence transactions based on delegated voting power rather than raw computational resources. Honest producers earn rewards from block rewards and transaction fees, while any misconduct can lead to removal from the producer set and subsequent penalties, preserving the network’s security. | 100 |
| ETC | Proof of Work (PoW) |
A Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism incentivizes miners to secure the network by publishing updates to the ledger in the form of blocks, containing newly submitted and verified transactions. Miners compete to solve cryptographic puzzles, and the first to succeed earns newly minted crypto-assets (block reward) and user-paid transaction fees. Misconduct, such as attempting to add invalid blocks or rewrite the history of the ledger, results in wasted computational resources and opportunity costs, creating an economic penalty that discourages dishonest behavior. |
288476390.1 |
| Ethereum (ERC20) | Proof of Stake (PoS) | A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. | 6042092.76 |
| FIL | Proof of Stake (PoS) | A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
221589921.5 |
| FLOW | Proof of Stake (PoS) | A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
6,741,457,266 |
| FTM | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Fantom employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism known as Lachesis, which incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own FTM tokens as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks and order transactions based on the amount of FTM they hold and are willing to stake, rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards from transaction fees and block rewards; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. | 100 |
| Hedera Hashgraph | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Hedera Hashgraph employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, utilizing its unique Hashgraph algorithm. Validators are incentivized to secure the network and validate transactions by staking HBAR tokens as collateral. Validators are selected based on the amount of HBAR they stake, and they create new blocks and order transactions by using a fast, asynchronous consensus method that doesn’t rely on traditional mining. Validators earn rewards in HBAR tokens for their participation in securing the network. Malicious behavior, such as proposing invalid transactions, results in slashing penalties, which help ensure the integrity and security of the network. |
85 |
| Helium | Byzantine-Fault Tolerant (BFT) | Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanisms, such as Proof of Authority (PoA), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Byzantine Agreement (BA) or similar mechanisms, secure the network through a predefined set of validators who are trusted to validate transactions and add blocks to the ledger. Unlike open networks where anyone can participate (as in Proof-of-Work or Proof-of-Stake), BFT and similar mechanisms operate with known and vetted participants, often selected by a governing entity. Validators are incentivized to maintain the network’s integrity through monetary rewards or external motivations, such as institutional trust or regulatory obligations. Malicious actions, such as submitting invalid transactions or failing to participate in consensus, can result in penalties, removal from the validator set, or other repercussions, creating an economic and reputational deterrent to dishonest behavior. Validators reach consensus by verifying transactions and proposing blocks, and, as long as a majority of validators act honestly, the network remains secure. |
5,341,062,414 |
| HydraDX | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | HydraDX is a cross-chain liquidity protocol built on the Polkadot network, utilizing a variant of the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism inherent to Polkadot's relay chain. Validators stake DOT tokens to participate in securing the network and validating transactions. Honest validators earn rewards from transaction fees and block rewards, while malicious behavior can result in slashing of their staked assets, ensuring network integrity. Additionally, HydraDX introduces its native token, HDX, which may be used within its ecosystem for governance and incentivization purposes. | 70.16 |
| Injective (INJ) | Tendermint-based Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Injective (INJ) employs a Tendermint-based Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, where validators are selected based on the amount of INJ tokens they hold and stake. Validators are incentivized to validate transactions and produce blocks by earning INJ tokens. Malicious behavior, such as proposing invalid transactions, results in slashing penalties, ensuring network integrity. | 50 |
| Internet Computer | Byzantine-Fault Tolerant (BFT) |
Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanisms, such as Proof of Authority (PoA), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Byzantine Agreement (BA) or similar mechanisms, secure the network through a predefined set of validators who are trusted to validate transactions and add blocks to the ledger. Unlike open networks where anyone can participate (as in Proof-of-Work or Proof-of-Stake), BFT and similar mechanisms operate with known and vetted participants, often selected by a governing entity. Validators are incentivized to maintain the network’s integrity through monetary rewards or external motivations, such as institutional trust or regulatory obligations. Malicious actions, such as submitting invalid transactions or failing to participate in consensus, can result in penalties, removal from the validator set, or other repercussions, creating an economic and reputational deterrent to dishonest behavior. Validators reach consensus by verifying transactions and proposing blocks, and, as long as a majority of validators act honestly, the network remains secure. |
2,889,311,939 |
| INTR | Threshold Relay | INTR (Internet Computer) employs a Threshold Relay consensus mechanism, which incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own ICP tokens as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks and order transactions using cryptographic thresholds and randomness, rather than relying on computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards in ICP tokens, with incentives derived from the inflationary model of token issuance and transaction fees. However, malicious behavior, such as proposing invalid blocks or attacking the network, can result in penalties, including the loss of staked tokens. |
2 |
| Kadena | Proof of Work (PoW) |
A Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism incentivizes miners to secure the network by publishing updates to the ledger in the form of blocks, containing newly submitted and verified transactions. Miners compete to solve cryptographic puzzles, and the first to succeed earns newly minted crypto-assets (block reward) and user-paid transaction fees. Misconduct, such as attempting to add invalid blocks or rewrite the history of the ledger, results in wasted computational resources and opportunity costs, creating an economic penalty that discourages dishonest behavior. |
15051466.06 |
| KILT | Proof-of-Authority (PoA) | KILT employs a Proof-of-Authority (PoA) consensus mechanism, which incentivizes validators to secure the network by acting as trusted authorities. Validators are selected based on their identity and reputation, and they earn KILT tokens for validating transactions and producing new blocks. Malicious or dishonest behavior, such as validating invalid transactions, can lead to the removal of validators and loss of their earned rewards, serving as an economic penalty to ensure the integrity of the network. | 70.16 |
| Kintsugi | Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) | Kintsugi employs a Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) consensus mechanism similar to Kusama, which incentivizes validators to secure the network by staking KSM tokens. Validators are chosen based on the amount of KSM staked by nominators and earn rewards for validating transactions and producing blocks. Malicious actions or failures to act according to the network's rules can result in slashing penalties that discourage misconduct and maintain network security. | 2 |
| KLAY | Istanbul Byzantine Fault Tolerant (IBFT) | Klaytn utilizes an Istanbul Byzantine Fault Tolerant (IBFT) consensus mechanism, a variant of the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) model. Validators, known as Consensus Nodes (CNs), stake KLAY tokens as collateral to participate in block creation and transaction validation. Honest validators earn rewards from transaction fees and block rewards, while malicious behavior can result in slashing of their staked assets, maintaining network integrity. | 100 |
| KuCoin Community Chain | Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) | KuCoin Community Chain (KCC) employs a Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism, which incentivizes validators to secure the network by staking their own KCC tokens. Validators are elected through votes by KCC token holders, who delegate their tokens to trusted validators. Validators earn rewards in KCC tokens for producing blocks and validating transactions. However, malicious behavior or failure to maintain network performance can result in the removal from the validator set, with staked tokens potentially slashed as penalties. | 50 |
| Lightning | Proof-of-Work (PoW) | Lightning Network employs a Layer 2 solution built on top of the Bitcoin blockchain using a Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism. The Lightning Network allows for fast, low-cost transactions by creating payment channels between users off-chain, where transactions can be processed instantly without waiting for block confirmations. Users can open payment channels by locking a certain amount of Bitcoin in a multi-signature wallet, and as long as the parties involved in the channel act honestly, they can transact off-chain without having to broadcast every transaction to the Bitcoin network. |
10 |
| Linea | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Linea employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, where validators are incentivized to secure the network by staking tokens as collateral. Validators participate in the creation of new blocks and the validation of transactions on the Linea network, which focuses on scaling Ethereum through rollups. The system is designed to handle large volumes of transactions efficiently, with validators earning rewards in Linea tokens for their efforts. Malicious behavior, such as proposing invalid blocks or not following the protocol rules, can lead to slashing penalties, discouraging bad actors and preserving the security and trustworthiness of the network. | 50 |
| Loopring | Byzantine-Fault Tolerant (BFT) |
Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanisms, such as Proof of Authority (PoA), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Byzantine Agreement (BA) or similar mechanisms, secure the network through a predefined set of validators who are trusted to validate transactions and add blocks to the ledger. Unlike open networks where anyone can participate (as in Proof-of-Work or Proof-of-Stake), BFT and similar mechanisms operate with known and vetted participants, often selected by a governing entity. Validators are incentivized to maintain the network’s integrity through monetary rewards or external motivations, such as institutional trust or regulatory obligations. Malicious actions, such as submitting invalid transactions or failing to participate in consensus, can result in penalties, removal from the validator set, or other repercussions, creating an economic and reputational deterrent to dishonest behavior. Validators reach consensus by verifying transactions and proposing blocks, and, as long as a majority of validators act honestly, the network remains secure. |
1,367,099,384 |
| LTC | Proof of Work (PoW) |
A Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism incentivizes miners to secure the network by publishing updates to the ledger in the form of blocks, containing newly submitted and verified transactions. Miners compete to solve cryptographic puzzles, and the first to succeed earns newly minted crypto-assets (block reward) and user-paid transaction fees. Misconduct, such as attempting to add invalid blocks or rewrite the history of the ledger, results in wasted computational resources and opportunity costs, creating an economic penalty that discourages dishonest behavior. |
3133933633 |
| Mantle | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Mantle employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, which incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own MNT tokens as collateral. Validators are selected based on the amount of MNT tokens they are willing to stake. Validators earn rewards in MNT tokens for performing network validation tasks. However, malicious behavior, such as proposing invalid blocks or misbehaving, leads to penalties, including the slashing of staked tokens, ensuring that the network stays secure and trustworthy. | 50 |
| Metis Andromeda | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Metis Andromeda employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, which incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking METIS tokens as collateral. Validators are selected based on the amount of METIS they hold and are willing to stake. Validators earn rewards in METIS tokens for securing the network. However, malicious behavior or failure to perform duties correctly can lead to slashing penalties and loss of rewards, ensuring that the network maintains integrity. | 50 |
| MobileCoin | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | MobileCoin employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, where validators stake MOBILE tokens as collateral to secure the network. Validators are chosen to validate transactions and create new blocks based on the amount of MOBILE they stake. They are rewarded with MOBILE tokens for their participation. However, malicious activity or failure to meet network requirements can lead to slashing penalties and removal from the network. | 10 |
| Moonbeam | Byzantine-Fault Tolerant (BFT) |
Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanisms, such as Proof of Authority (PoA), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Byzantine Agreement (BA) or similar mechanisms, secure the network through a predefined set of validators who are trusted to validate transactions and add blocks to the ledger. Unlike open networks where anyone can participate (as in Proof-of-Work or Proof-of-Stake), BFT and similar mechanisms operate with known and vetted participants, often selected by a governing entity. Validators are incentivized to maintain the network’s integrity through monetary rewards or external motivations, such as institutional trust or regulatory obligations. Malicious actions, such as submitting invalid transactions or failing to participate in consensus, can result in penalties, removal from the validator set, or other repercussions, creating an economic and reputational deterrent to dishonest behavior. Validators reach consensus by verifying transactions and proposing blocks, and, as long as a majority of validators act honestly, the network remains secure. |
959,424,871 |
| Moonriver | Byzantine-Fault Tolerant (BFT) |
Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanisms, such as Proof of Authority (PoA), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Byzantine Agreement (BA) or similar mechanisms, secure the network through a predefined set of validators who are trusted to validate transactions and add blocks to the ledger. Unlike open networks where anyone can participate (as in Proof-of-Work or Proof-of-Stake), BFT and similar mechanisms operate with known and vetted participants, often selected by a governing entity. Validators are incentivized to maintain the network’s integrity through monetary rewards or external motivations, such as institutional trust or regulatory obligations. Malicious actions, such as submitting invalid transactions or failing to participate in consensus, can result in penalties, removal from the validator set, or other repercussions, creating an economic and reputational deterrent to dishonest behavior. Validators reach consensus by verifying transactions and proposing blocks, and, as long as a majority of validators act honestly, the network remains secure. |
614,247,863 |
| NEAR | Proof of Stake (PoS) |
A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
3,046,076,801 |
| OAS | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | OAS employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, where validators secure the network by staking OAS tokens as collateral. Validators are selected to produce new blocks and validate transactions based on the amount of OAS they are willing to stake. Validators earn rewards in OAS tokens for their participation in securing the network. Malicious actions or failure to properly validate transactions can lead to slashing penalties that discourage misconduct and preserve network integrity. | 10 |
| OKX Chain | Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) | OKX Chain employs a Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism, where OKB token holders vote for validators. Validators are chosen based on votes from the community and are incentivized with OKB tokens for validating transactions and securing the network. Malicious actions or failure to maintain network standards result in penalties, including removal from the validator set and slashing of staked tokens. | 50 |
| ONE | Byzantine-Fault Tolerant (BFT) |
Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanisms, such as Proof of Authority (PoA), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Byzantine Agreement (BA) or similar mechanisms, secure the network through a predefined set of validators who are trusted to validate transactions and add blocks to the ledger. Unlike open networks where anyone can participate (as in Proof-of-Work or Proof-of-Stake), BFT and similar mechanisms operate with known and vetted participants, often selected by a governing entity. Validators are incentivized to maintain the network’s integrity through monetary rewards or external motivations, such as institutional trust or regulatory obligations. Malicious actions, such as submitting invalid transactions or failing to participate in consensus, can result in penalties, removal from the validator set, or other repercussions, creating an economic and reputational deterrent to dishonest behavior. Validators reach consensus by verifying transactions and proposing blocks, and, as long as a majority of validators act honestly, the network remains secure. |
1,589,976,417 |
| Optimism | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Optimism employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, coupled with the Optimistic Rollup technology. Validators in the Optimism network stake OP tokens to secure the network and validate transactions. Optimism aims to scale Ethereum by processing transactions off-chain while relying on a dispute resolution process where anyone can challenge invalid transactions via fraud proofs. Validators who act honestly and properly validate transactions are rewarded with OP tokens. However, validators who attempt to submit fraudulent transactions or fail to act in good faith are subject to penalties, including slashing their staked tokens, ensuring that the network operates securely and efficiently. |
250 |
| Pendulum | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Pendulum employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, where validators are incentivized to secure the network by staking PEND tokens. Validators are selected to create blocks and validate transactions based on the amount of PEND tokens they hold. Validators earn rewards in PEND tokens for their participation. However, malicious actions or failure to perform duties correctly can lead to slashing penalties, ensuring network security. | 70.16 |
| Persistence (XPRT) | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Persistence (XPRT) employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, where validators secure the network by staking XPRT tokens. Validators are incentivized with XPRT tokens for validating blocks. Malicious actions or failure to properly validate transactions result in slashing penalties to maintain security and ensure proper network function. | 2 |
| Polkadot | Proof of Stake (PoS) | A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
8,756,115,407 |
| Polygon | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Polygon employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, which incentivizes validators to maintain network security and validate transactions by staking MATIC tokens as collateral. Validators are chosen to create new blocks and sequence transactions according to the volume of MATIC they hold and are willing to stake, rather than depending on computational power. When validators perform their duties correctly, they earn rewards from an emission of new tokens and transaction fees; however, any dishonest behavior or submission of invalid blocks can lead to the slashing of staked tokens, ensuring network integrity. | 2,000,000 |
| Quantum Resistant Ledger (QRL) | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Quantum Resistant Ledger (QRL) employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, where validators secure the network by staking QRL tokens. Validators are selected to validate transactions and produce blocks based on their stake. Validators earn rewards in QRL tokens, and malicious behavior results in penalties such as slashing to preserve the network's security. | 75 |
| ReserveBlock (RBX) | Proof-of-Authority (PoA) | ReserveBlock (RBX) employs a Proof-of-Authority (PoA) consensus mechanism, where validators are selected based on their authority and reputation rather than staking tokens. Validators are incentivized with RBX tokens for validating transactions and producing blocks. Malicious actions or failure to uphold the rules can result in removal from the validator list and forfeiture of rewards, ensuring the integrity of the network. | 10 |
| Ronin | Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) | Ronin’s Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by allowing token holders to delegate their stake to them. Validators are responsible for producing blocks and voting on transaction finality. Instead of relying on computational power, DPoS selects validators based on the amount of RON tokens staked. Validators who act honestly earn rewards through staking incentives and transaction fees. However, malicious behavior, such as double-signing or missing block production, results in penalties, including slashing of staked RON and potential removal from the validator set. This system ensures network security, decentralization, and economic stability. | 100 |
| SOL | Proof of Stake (PoS) | A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
16657193.87 |
| Starkware | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Starkware employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism and leverages StarkEx for scalability using zk-rollups. Validators are incentivized to secure the network and validate transactions by staking STARK tokens, which they must hold as collateral. Starkware enables Ethereum to scale efficiently by processing transactions off-chain and using zero-knowledge proofs to validate transaction validity. Validators earn STARK tokens for their efforts in securing the network and validating transactions. Any malicious activity, such as attempting to submit fraudulent zk-proofs or misbehaving during validation, leads to slashing penalties, ensuring the integrity and security of the Starkware ecosystem. |
50 |
| SUI | Proof of Stake (PoS) |
A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
910,720,343 |
| Ternoa | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Ternoa employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, focusing on secure data transmission through time-locked NFTs. Validators stake CAPS tokens as collateral to participate in block creation and transaction validation. Honest validators earn rewards from transaction fees and block rewards, while malicious behavior can result in slashing of their staked assets, ensuring network integrity. | 70.16 |
| Thorchain | Proof of Stake (PoS) |
A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
2 |
| Ton | Proof of Stake (PoS) |
A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
6253175.2 |
| Tron (TRC20) | Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) | Tron (TRC20) employs a Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism, which incentivizes validators (Super Representatives) to secure the network by staking their own TRX tokens. Super Representatives are voted into position by TRX token holders, who delegate their tokens to the representatives they trust. Super Representatives earn rewards in TRX tokens for producing blocks and validating transactions. Malicious behavior, such as validating invalid transactions, can result in removal from the Super Representative list and slashing penalties, which maintain the security and integrity of the network. | 1,000,000 |
| Vara Network | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Vara Network employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, where validators secure the network by staking VARA tokens. Validators are selected based on the amount of VARA they hold. Validators earn rewards in VARA tokens for their participation. However, malicious behavior, such as invalidating transactions, results in slashing and loss of staked tokens, ensuring network integrity. |
70.16 |
| Venom | Proof-of-Stake (PoS | Venom employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, where validators stake VENOM tokens as collateral to validate transactions and secure the network. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of VENOM they are willing to stake. Validators are rewarded with VENOM tokens. However, malicious behavior, such as proposing invalid transactions, results in penalties like slashing to maintain network security. | 10 |
| Waves | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Waves employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, where validators secure the network by staking WAVES tokens. Validators are selected based on the amount of WAVES they are willing to stake. Validators earn rewards in WAVES tokens for validating blocks and transactions. Malicious behavior or failure to perform duties can result in penalties, including slashing, ensuring the network's integrity. | 10 |
| WAX | Byzantine-Fault Tolerant (BFT) |
Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanisms, such as Proof of Authority (PoA), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Byzantine Agreement (BA) or similar mechanisms, secure the network through a predefined set of validators who are trusted to validate transactions and add blocks to the ledger. Unlike open networks where anyone can participate (as in Proof-of-Work or Proof-of-Stake), BFT and similar mechanisms operate with known and vetted participants, often selected by a governing entity. Validators are incentivized to maintain the network’s integrity through monetary rewards or external motivations, such as institutional trust or regulatory obligations. Malicious actions, such as submitting invalid transactions or failing to participate in consensus, can result in penalties, removal from the validator set, or other repercussions, creating an economic and reputational deterrent to dishonest behavior. Validators reach consensus by verifying transactions and proposing blocks, and, as long as a majority of validators act honestly, the network remains secure. |
931,272,315 |
| XLM | Byzantine-Fault Tolerant (BFT) |
Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanisms, such as Proof of Authority (PoA), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Byzantine Agreement (BA) or similar mechanisms, secure the network through a predefined set of validators who are trusted to validate transactions and add blocks to the ledger. Unlike open networks where anyone can participate (as in Proof-of-Work or Proof-of-Stake), BFT and similar mechanisms operate with known and vetted participants, often selected by a governing entity. Validators are incentivized to maintain the network’s integrity through monetary rewards or external motivations, such as institutional trust or regulatory obligations. Malicious actions, such as submitting invalid transactions or failing to participate in consensus, can result in penalties, removal from the validator set, or other repercussions, creating an economic and reputational deterrent to dishonest behavior. Validators reach consensus by verifying transactions and proposing blocks, and, as long as a majority of validators act honestly, the network remains secure. |
8,594,812,176 |
| XRP | Consensus Protocol | The XRP Ledger utilizes a unique Consensus Protocol that does not rely on Proof-of-Work (PoW) or traditional staking mechanisms. Instead, a set of trusted validators agree on the order and outcome of transactions. Transaction fees are used as a deterrent against spam, and there are no block rewards. Validators are typically operated by institutions and do not receive direct monetary incentives, relying instead on the benefits of network participation and the utility of the XRP Ledger. | 36.5 |
| XTZ | Proof of Stake (PoS) |
A Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism incentivizes validators to secure the network and validate transactions by staking their own crypto assets as collateral. Validators are selected to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to 'stake', rather than through computational power. If validators act honestly, they earn rewards through transaction fees; however, malicious behavior or proposing invalid blocks can lead to a reduction of their staked assets, creating an economic penalty that discourages misconduct and ensures network integrity. |
10 |
| Zeitgeist | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | Zeitgeist employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, where validators secure the network by staking ZTG tokens. Validators are selected to validate transactions and produce blocks based on the amount of ZTG they hold. Validators are rewarded in ZTG tokens for securing the network. Malicious behavior leads to penalties, including slashing, to maintain the security of the network. | 70.16 |
| ZkSync Era | Proof-of-Stake (PoS) | zkSync Era employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism integrated with zk-rollups. Validators are incentivized to secure the network and validate transactions by staking ZKS tokens as collateral. zkSync Era allows Ethereum to scale by processing transactions off-chain while leveraging zero-knowledge proofs for privacy and efficiency. Validators are rewarded with ZKS tokens for processing transactions and creating new blocks in the zk-rollup. Malicious validators, who attempt to submit invalid proofs or compromise the privacy of users, face penalties, including the loss of their staked tokens, to maintain the network's security and reliability. | 50 |
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Sebelum Anda pergi
Harga dapat bervariasi. Harga mitra kami fleksibel dan disesuaikan berdasarkan persyaratan integrasi dan volume Anda.